CONDITIONS OF CONQUEST OF SINDH IN 1843
The expansion of the British in India and the Russians in Central Asia which created
Conditions for the conquest of Sindh, is given below, in a chronological order, in
1) 1757 AD
British conquer Bengal.
2) 1764 AD
Oudh and Mughal Emperor at the British disposal.
3) 1765 AD
Diwani or Bengal, Bihar and Orissa granted to the British.
4) 1775 AD
Benaras and Gazipur surrendered to the British.
5) 1760-1783 AD
In 1783 British were in possession of Bihar, Bengal, Benaras, Madras and
Bombay.
6) 1791 AD
British were alarmed at expansion of Russia and feared that it may replace the
Turkish Empire in Asia.
7) 1796-1797 AD
Shah Zaman invaded certain parts of N.W.F.P., with the intention of extending
his domain to all areas held by his grand father, Ahmed Shah Abdali.
8) 1798 AD
British added Sri-Lanka (Ceylon), Malabar, Dindigul, Baramahal.
9) 1798-1809 AD
The immediate danger to the British was Neopleon of France and his flirtations
with Muslim rulers of Persia, Mysore and else-where in the South Asia, and also
with Sindh through Persia.
10) 1798-1809 AD
Neopleon’s attack on Egypt, made invasion of India by a European power
including Russia, a practical possibility. Further confirmation came in 1800-1
from the Shah of Iran, who communicated to the Governor General of India,
through the latter’s emissary that in the event of Russian occupation of Iran,
there would be long term consequences for India.
11) 1799 AD
Part of Tipu’s Mysore, from Goa to Cannanore and South Mysore, become
British.
12) 1799-1805 AD
Carnatic, Kutch, Gorakhpur, the Upper and the Lower Ganges –Jamuna –Doab,
became British. Broach and areas north of it also became British.
13) 1801 AD
British came to know of Emperor Paul’s (of Russia) preparations for expedition
on India.
14) 1803 AD
Trans-Caucasia divided among Russia (Georgia). Ottomans (Western 20%) and
vassals of Iranian Qajars.
15) 1803-1804 AD
Russians took Mingrelia from Ottomans.
16) 1803-1806 AD
Russians took Azerbaijan from Qajars of Iran.
17) 1808-1916 AD
Elphonstone’s visit to Afghanistan (1801) and Henry Pottinger’s travels in
Baluchistan (1810), further aroused interest in areas beyond the Indus and the
Sutlej and possibility of what Russians may do there.
18) 1813 AD
Treaty of Gulistan after the defeat of Persian Army by Russians. Iran
relinquished all its territorial claims in Caucasus and withdrew its warships from
the Caspian Sea.
19) 1814 AD
British signed a mutual defense pact with Qajars of Iran, promising military and
financial aid in case of a foreign power attacked Persia.
20) 1815-1818 AD
Maratha States became British protectorates. Kutch, Kathiawar and Rajasthan
states accept British Paramouncy.
21) 1820-1830 AD
Russians push eastwards almost to Afghanistan frontier.
22) 1826 AD
Bharatpur falls to British.
23) 1826 AD
Iran tried to recover part of Caucasus from Russians under British advice, but
was defeated.
24) 1826 AD
Some areas of Bhonsle of Nagpur annexed.
25) 1827-28 AD
Russians took northern Armenia from Qajars of Iran, making the British to
realize, how helpless were their allies, close to Russian borders.
26) 1828 AD
Treaty of Turkmachal gave Russian full control over the South Caucasus. The
Persians paid indemnity of £ 15 millions, gave extra territorial rights and
commercial concessions to Russia.
27) 1829 AD
Lord Ellinborough, on becoming President of Board of Directors of the East India
Company, and after reading Evan’s book on the designs of Russians (London
1828), became convinced that by conquest of or by influence on Iran, Russians
would secure road to the Indus. He was in favor of occupying Sindh, Lahore and
Kabul as soon as Russian troops move against Khiva. He suggested the
exploration of Indus. British trade with Central Asia was to be promoted and
British agents were to keep an eye on Russian activities.
28) 1830 AD
Annexation of Aachar by the British.
29) 1831-1832 AD
Muhammad Ali of Egypt made a bid to wrest control of Syria from Sultan or
Turkey and even defeated the latter’s army at Konya in the heart of Turkey. The
Sultan was saved only by Russian ships and troops. Turkey became a virtual
satellite of the Russians.
30) 1832 AD
British became convinced that by capture of Khiva, the Russians would nearly be
in command of navigation of the rivers, which lead down to the very frontier of
Indian Empire.
31) 1833-1841 AD
Russian interest now was to preserve and control the Ottoman Empire as
defensive barrier for Russia, against the powerful maritime states of France and
Great Britain. The Sultan did not trust the Russians and British succeeded in
disrupting Russian plans for an exclusive alliance with Turks. This done, British
turned to Sindh, Punjab, Afghanistan. Ellinborough in 1835 suggested that each
of the above three states should be made to feel that their security depended on
the British support. It was at this juncture that British stopped Ranjit Singh’s
invasion of Sindh in 1835-1836 and also of Afghanistan. This also resulted in
treaties with Amirs of Sindh by Pottinger, Burnes mission to Kabul, failing
which, treaty with Shah Shuja, a deposed Afghanistan King, in exile in Ranjit
Singh’s territory was supported to become ruler of Afghanistan.
32) 1834 AD
Annexation of Ceorg by the British.
33) 1835 AD
Annexation of jaintia by the British. Sikh states east of Sutlej accept British
paramouncy.
34) 1839 AD
Deposition of Raja of Sitara by British.
35) 1839 AD
With Ranjit Singh’s death in the Punjab started the period of instability and Sikhs
no longer were an important power to deal with. Amirs were weak and in no
position to stop British Army of the Indus, on way to Afghanistan. The fate of
Sindh and Punjab stood decided and only effectual annexation remained. The
British reinstated Shah Shuja, but two years later were defeated and repulsed.
This was an evidence how difficult it was to control and distant country far from
base, without actually conquering it. But British had actually demonstrated their
striking capacity to the ruler of Kabul, as well as convincing the Shah of Persia,
who no longer attempted to capture Heart from Afghanistan to make it a gate
way for Russians to move on India.
36) 1839-1840 AD
Shah Shuja installed as puppet king of Afghanistan.
37) 1839-1843 AD
The British demonstration of Striking power in Afghanistan produced cool and
calculated reaction among Nichol-I Czar of Russia and his officials, as they no
longer had any intention of expansion beyond the Oxus River bordering
Afghanistan. Conquest of Sindh was partly show -down of what British would
attempt against Russian’s crossing the Oxus.
38) 1841 AD
British defeated and expelled from Afghanistan.
39) 1843 AD
Conquest of Sindh.
40) 1844-1845 AD
Battle with Sibi-Kachhi and Mari tribes to push frontiers towards Chaman.
41) 1845 AD
British purchased Danish possessions in India.
42) 1845 AD
The First Sikh War and defeat of Sikhs.
43) 1848-1849 AD
Sitara annexed by the British.
44) 1849 AD
Sambalpur annexed by the British.
45) 1849 AD
Conquest of the Punjab and annexation.
46) 1853 AD
Secession of Berar by Nizam of the British.
47) 1854 AD
Annexation of Jhansi by British.
48) 1855 AD
Treaty with Dost Muhammad of Afghanistan.
49) 1856 AD
Annexation of Oudh.
50) 1865 AD
Taskhent conquered by Russia.
51) 1868 AD
Annual grant to Rs.5 lac to Sher Ali Amir of Afghanistan and reducing him as a
puppet king by the British.
52) 1868 AD
Uzbek Khanates i.e., Bukhara and Samarkand annexed by Russia.
53) 1873 AD
Khiva annexed by Russia.
54) 1875 AD
Khokand (Khawaqd) acquired by Russia.
55) 1876 AD
Treat of Kalat making it a princely state and annexation of districts bordering
Afghanistan.
56) 1878 AD
Flight of Sher Ali.
57) 1879 AD
Abdication of Yakub of Afghanistan.
58) 1880 AD
Abdul-Rehman installed as puppet king of Afghanistan now reduced to a
satellite state of the British.
59) 1884 AD
Marv taken by Russia.
60) 1886 AD
Annexation of Burma by the British.
61) 1887 AD
Marv divided between Qajar and Russia.
62) 1895 AD
Pamir territory acquired by Russia.
63) 1900 AD
British expedition to Tibet, results in heavy British influence in that country.
Conditions for the conquest of Sindh, is given below, in a chronological order, in
1) 1757 AD
British conquer Bengal.
2) 1764 AD
Oudh and Mughal Emperor at the British disposal.
3) 1765 AD
Diwani or Bengal, Bihar and Orissa granted to the British.
4) 1775 AD
Benaras and Gazipur surrendered to the British.
5) 1760-1783 AD
In 1783 British were in possession of Bihar, Bengal, Benaras, Madras and
Bombay.
6) 1791 AD
British were alarmed at expansion of Russia and feared that it may replace the
Turkish Empire in Asia.
7) 1796-1797 AD
Shah Zaman invaded certain parts of N.W.F.P., with the intention of extending
his domain to all areas held by his grand father, Ahmed Shah Abdali.
8) 1798 AD
British added Sri-Lanka (Ceylon), Malabar, Dindigul, Baramahal.
9) 1798-1809 AD
The immediate danger to the British was Neopleon of France and his flirtations
with Muslim rulers of Persia, Mysore and else-where in the South Asia, and also
with Sindh through Persia.
10) 1798-1809 AD
Neopleon’s attack on Egypt, made invasion of India by a European power
including Russia, a practical possibility. Further confirmation came in 1800-1
from the Shah of Iran, who communicated to the Governor General of India,
through the latter’s emissary that in the event of Russian occupation of Iran,
there would be long term consequences for India.
11) 1799 AD
Part of Tipu’s Mysore, from Goa to Cannanore and South Mysore, become
British.
12) 1799-1805 AD
Carnatic, Kutch, Gorakhpur, the Upper and the Lower Ganges –Jamuna –Doab,
became British. Broach and areas north of it also became British.
13) 1801 AD
British came to know of Emperor Paul’s (of Russia) preparations for expedition
on India.
14) 1803 AD
Trans-Caucasia divided among Russia (Georgia). Ottomans (Western 20%) and
vassals of Iranian Qajars.
15) 1803-1804 AD
Russians took Mingrelia from Ottomans.
16) 1803-1806 AD
Russians took Azerbaijan from Qajars of Iran.
17) 1808-1916 AD
Elphonstone’s visit to Afghanistan (1801) and Henry Pottinger’s travels in
Baluchistan (1810), further aroused interest in areas beyond the Indus and the
Sutlej and possibility of what Russians may do there.
18) 1813 AD
Treaty of Gulistan after the defeat of Persian Army by Russians. Iran
relinquished all its territorial claims in Caucasus and withdrew its warships from
the Caspian Sea.
19) 1814 AD
British signed a mutual defense pact with Qajars of Iran, promising military and
financial aid in case of a foreign power attacked Persia.
20) 1815-1818 AD
Maratha States became British protectorates. Kutch, Kathiawar and Rajasthan
states accept British Paramouncy.
21) 1820-1830 AD
Russians push eastwards almost to Afghanistan frontier.
22) 1826 AD
Bharatpur falls to British.
23) 1826 AD
Iran tried to recover part of Caucasus from Russians under British advice, but
was defeated.
24) 1826 AD
Some areas of Bhonsle of Nagpur annexed.
25) 1827-28 AD
Russians took northern Armenia from Qajars of Iran, making the British to
realize, how helpless were their allies, close to Russian borders.
26) 1828 AD
Treaty of Turkmachal gave Russian full control over the South Caucasus. The
Persians paid indemnity of £ 15 millions, gave extra territorial rights and
commercial concessions to Russia.
27) 1829 AD
Lord Ellinborough, on becoming President of Board of Directors of the East India
Company, and after reading Evan’s book on the designs of Russians (London
1828), became convinced that by conquest of or by influence on Iran, Russians
would secure road to the Indus. He was in favor of occupying Sindh, Lahore and
Kabul as soon as Russian troops move against Khiva. He suggested the
exploration of Indus. British trade with Central Asia was to be promoted and
British agents were to keep an eye on Russian activities.
28) 1830 AD
Annexation of Aachar by the British.
29) 1831-1832 AD
Muhammad Ali of Egypt made a bid to wrest control of Syria from Sultan or
Turkey and even defeated the latter’s army at Konya in the heart of Turkey. The
Sultan was saved only by Russian ships and troops. Turkey became a virtual
satellite of the Russians.
30) 1832 AD
British became convinced that by capture of Khiva, the Russians would nearly be
in command of navigation of the rivers, which lead down to the very frontier of
Indian Empire.
31) 1833-1841 AD
Russian interest now was to preserve and control the Ottoman Empire as
defensive barrier for Russia, against the powerful maritime states of France and
Great Britain. The Sultan did not trust the Russians and British succeeded in
disrupting Russian plans for an exclusive alliance with Turks. This done, British
turned to Sindh, Punjab, Afghanistan. Ellinborough in 1835 suggested that each
of the above three states should be made to feel that their security depended on
the British support. It was at this juncture that British stopped Ranjit Singh’s
invasion of Sindh in 1835-1836 and also of Afghanistan. This also resulted in
treaties with Amirs of Sindh by Pottinger, Burnes mission to Kabul, failing
which, treaty with Shah Shuja, a deposed Afghanistan King, in exile in Ranjit
Singh’s territory was supported to become ruler of Afghanistan.
32) 1834 AD
Annexation of Ceorg by the British.
33) 1835 AD
Annexation of jaintia by the British. Sikh states east of Sutlej accept British
paramouncy.
34) 1839 AD
Deposition of Raja of Sitara by British.
35) 1839 AD
With Ranjit Singh’s death in the Punjab started the period of instability and Sikhs
no longer were an important power to deal with. Amirs were weak and in no
position to stop British Army of the Indus, on way to Afghanistan. The fate of
Sindh and Punjab stood decided and only effectual annexation remained. The
British reinstated Shah Shuja, but two years later were defeated and repulsed.
This was an evidence how difficult it was to control and distant country far from
base, without actually conquering it. But British had actually demonstrated their
striking capacity to the ruler of Kabul, as well as convincing the Shah of Persia,
who no longer attempted to capture Heart from Afghanistan to make it a gate
way for Russians to move on India.
36) 1839-1840 AD
Shah Shuja installed as puppet king of Afghanistan.
37) 1839-1843 AD
The British demonstration of Striking power in Afghanistan produced cool and
calculated reaction among Nichol-I Czar of Russia and his officials, as they no
longer had any intention of expansion beyond the Oxus River bordering
Afghanistan. Conquest of Sindh was partly show -down of what British would
attempt against Russian’s crossing the Oxus.
38) 1841 AD
British defeated and expelled from Afghanistan.
39) 1843 AD
Conquest of Sindh.
40) 1844-1845 AD
Battle with Sibi-Kachhi and Mari tribes to push frontiers towards Chaman.
41) 1845 AD
British purchased Danish possessions in India.
42) 1845 AD
The First Sikh War and defeat of Sikhs.
43) 1848-1849 AD
Sitara annexed by the British.
44) 1849 AD
Sambalpur annexed by the British.
45) 1849 AD
Conquest of the Punjab and annexation.
46) 1853 AD
Secession of Berar by Nizam of the British.
47) 1854 AD
Annexation of Jhansi by British.
48) 1855 AD
Treaty with Dost Muhammad of Afghanistan.
49) 1856 AD
Annexation of Oudh.
50) 1865 AD
Taskhent conquered by Russia.
51) 1868 AD
Annual grant to Rs.5 lac to Sher Ali Amir of Afghanistan and reducing him as a
puppet king by the British.
52) 1868 AD
Uzbek Khanates i.e., Bukhara and Samarkand annexed by Russia.
53) 1873 AD
Khiva annexed by Russia.
54) 1875 AD
Khokand (Khawaqd) acquired by Russia.
55) 1876 AD
Treat of Kalat making it a princely state and annexation of districts bordering
Afghanistan.
56) 1878 AD
Flight of Sher Ali.
57) 1879 AD
Abdication of Yakub of Afghanistan.
58) 1880 AD
Abdul-Rehman installed as puppet king of Afghanistan now reduced to a
satellite state of the British.
59) 1884 AD
Marv taken by Russia.
60) 1886 AD
Annexation of Burma by the British.
61) 1887 AD
Marv divided between Qajar and Russia.
62) 1895 AD
Pamir territory acquired by Russia.
63) 1900 AD
British expedition to Tibet, results in heavy British influence in that country.
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